Blood Test (Complete Blood Count and Biochemical Analysis)

Complete Blood Count and Biochemical Analysis

Understanding
Blood Tests
Common Blood Tests
Blood Chemistry
Tests

What is the clinical significance of blood tests?

Blood is composed of blood cells (or blood corpuscles) floating in plasma, which contains clotting factors and various functional proteins. Blood tests are broadly divided into general tests for blood cells and biochemical or immunological tests for the various components contained in the plasma.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Blood Cell Test Items	Normal Range (Units)	Clinical Significance
White Blood Cells (WBCs)	4.0~10.0 (10⁹/L)	As various groups of cell populations, they protect the human body from a variety of infectious agents Increase: Active infection, dehydration, trauma, tumor, bone marrow proliferative disease, leukemia Decrease: Some infections, drugs, bone marrow function decline, etc
Neutrophil	50~75 (%)	Primarily increases in bacterial infections, and the proportion decreases in some viral infections
Lymphocytes	20~44 (%)	The proportion increases in some viral infections and lymphoproliferative disorders
Monocytes	2~9 (%)	The proportion increases in some infections, autoimmune diseases, and bone marrow proliferative disorders
Eosinophil	0~5 (%)	The proportion increases due to parasitic infections, allergic diseases, tumors, and drugs
Basophil	0~2 (%)	The proportion increases in cases of malignant tumor metastasis, allergic diseases, etc
RBC	4.0~5.0 (10¹²/L)	They are flat and spherical, carrying hemoglobin that binds to oxygen Increase: Diarrhea, dehydration, hypoxia, drug intoxication, bone marrow proliferative disease Decrease: Hemolysis, bleeding, iron and vitamin B12 deficiency, bone marrow function decline
Hemoglobin(Hb)	12.0~16.0 (g/㎗)	The oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin The transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
Hematocrit(Hct)	34.0~49.0 (%)	RBC/Hematocrit (Hct) Ratio
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)	79~95 (fl)	Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Increase: Deficiency of Vitamin B12 or Folic Acid, Hemolysis, Bone Marrow Dysfunction Decrease: Iron Deficiency, Thalassemia, Sideroblastic Anemia
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)	26~32 (pg)	This refers to the amount of hemoglobin contained in a single red blood cell
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)	11.5~14.5 (%)	This refers to the distribution of red blood cell sizes, a measurement that decreases in patients with anemia
Platelet	150~450 (10⁹/L)	These cells are primarily responsible for hemostasis and form scabs Increase: Anemia, Infection, Bone Marrow Proliferative Disorders Decrease: Medication, Infection, Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Leukemia, Bone Marrow Dysfunction
Platelet Distribution Width (PDW)	9.13~19.41 (fl)	Increase in conditions such as immune thrombocytopenia, bone marrow dysfunction, and leukemia

Blood chemistry

Blood chemistry
Blood Cell Test Items	Normal Range (Units)	Clinical Significance
Glucose	50~100 (mg/dL)	The blood sugar level, commonly referred to as glucose, often increases in patients with diabetes Treatments for blood cancers, particularly the use of immunosuppressants after transplantation and medications containing steroids, can cause an increase
Urea Nitrogen (BUN)	7.0~20.0 (mg/dL)	The amount of urea nitrogen in the blood The proportion increases in some viral infections and lymphoproliferative disorders
Creatinine (Cr)	0.6~1.2 (mg/dL)	A representative number indicating decreased renal function Creatinine is an enzyme that exists within our muscles It's naturally filtered out of our bodies through the kidneys and excreted
Total Protein	6.6~8.3 (g/dL)	The total amount of various proteins present in the plasma Increased in blood concentration due to dehydration Among blood diseases, it increases specifically in multiple myeloma
Albumin	3.5~5.2 (g/dL)	It is a protein mainly produced by the liver that regulates osmotic pressure in the blood and maintains water content Causes of edema if decreased Reduced in chronic liver disease, nutritional disorders, nephrotic syndrome, etc
AST(GOT)	14~40 (U/L)	Present in the liver, heart, kidney, muscles, etc Increased when leaked into the blood from various diseases in the area Increased in hepatitis, myocardial infarction, liver cancer, gallbladder disease, etc
ALT(GPT)	9~45 (U/L)	Enzymes present primarily in the liver Increased in hepatitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, liver cancer, hypoxic injury, etc
Total Bilirubin	0.47~1.58 (mg/dL)	Jaundice count Increased primarily in hemolytic anemia, malignant anemia, liver dysfunction, gallbladder and bile duct disease
Uric acid	2.6~7.2 (mg/dL)	Uric acid level Increased in post-cancerous tumor-melting syndrome in blood cancer patients Causes of Kidney Deterioration Increase in gout and obesity patients in general
LDH	250~450 (U/L)	Increased in lymphoma and hemolytic anemia Reflecting treatment progress
CPK	26~200 (U/L)	Enzymes present in the heart and muscles Increased if the myocardium is destroyed or damaged
Magnesium	1.9~2.5 (mg/dL)	Immunosuppressant administration or diarrhea, reduced in infections A cause of muscle spasms
Calcium (Ca)	8.0~10.0 (mg/dL)	Diagnostic Significance in Bone and Endocrine Diseases Increased : hyperthyroidism, vitamin D excess, bone destruction, malignancy Decreased : diarrhea, acute pancreatitis, tumor-melting syndrome
Phosphorus (P)	2.6~4.5 (mg/dL)	An important ingredient for the storage and elution of bones, which is discharged to the kidneys Increased : Tumor fusion syndrome, renal failure, hyperparathyroidism
Sodium (Na)	136~146 (mEq/L)	Sodium levels Assessment of water content in the body Increased : excessive salt, dehydration, diarrhea, infection, decreased sodium excretion (aldosterone excess, cushing, urinary depression) Decreased : decreased salt intake, vomiting, excessive moisture, suppression of ADH secretion
Potassium (K)	3.5~5.1 (mEq/L)	Potassium levels Reflecting osmotic pressure and acid-base equilibrium Increased with decreased renal function Causes sudden death from a heart attack
Chloride (Cl)	98~106 (mEq/L)	Chlorine levels Reflecting osmotic pressure and acid-base equilibrium